The conference was structured into 3
thematic working sessions: Policy and Institutional Framework and
Capacity Building (Session 1); Technical Aspects of Protecting
Cultural Heritage Property: Networking with INTERPOL and the International
Community (Session 2); and Recovery of Cultural Property, post
Theft or Disaster (Session 3). Here are highlights of a few of the talks:
Session 1 presentations dovetailed, making a
strong case for the use of preventative measures to protect cultural heritage.
Mr. Etienne Clement, Deputy Director of
UNESCO, Bangkok gave the
opening talk for Session 1 covering national and international laws,
international conventions such as the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict; 1970 UNESCO Convention on Illicit Trafficking,
and the UNIDROIT. He made a compelling argument for nation states to adopt and
use these conventions; teach cultural heritage personnel and police about them; and use them as a foundation tool for combatting the illicit trade in
antiquities and art.
Mr. Tshewang Gyalpo, Chief of Bhutan’s
Department of Culture, spoke
about the country’s national database of heritage; defined Bhutanese heritage; outlined the role of the conservation department and regional cultural
officers and the trainings in place to better secure sacred sites.
Mr. Karl-Heinz Kind, INTERPOL, provided an overview of the important
and active role that his agency performs, advocating member states to join and
participate. The effectiveness of INTERPOL's stolen works of art database and Project PSCHE (designed to utilize the Italian Carabinieri for the Protection of Cultural Heritage's help in modernizing the database). He emphasized that investigations
and recovery are only supported by nations’ involvement and called for greater
involvement by nations to make protection of cultural heritage a priority.
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| Julia Brennan (left) and Fiona MacAlister (right) with Dasho Dorjee Tshering, Secretary of Home and Culture |
Ms. Fiona Macalister, a disaster
preparedness expert from the UK, and I, a textile conservator and
consultant for preventative conservation,
made the case for employing preventative measures at the front end to protect
cultural heritage. Fiona provided a clear blueprint for risk management and disaster
planning, outlining different disaster scenarios in the event of fire, flood,
earthquake, and theft and provided standards, checklists, and constructive
methods of training. I outlined methods adopted from conservation including
secure storage, good protective housings, training of local caretakers and
cultural heritage staffs, the importance of detailed and updated documentation,
analysis, collaborating with and training of law enforcement, raising public
awareness and ownership through media outlets, and engagement of community
based groups and tourist infrastructure.
Session 2 featured talks specifically focused on
law enforcement efforts to combat the illicit trade. Among the presentators were:
Mr. Gaspare Cilluffo, Customs, Italy, provided an introduction to the law
enforcement real time platforms of ARCHEO and COLOSSEUM. He provided clear
how-to-use steps for these programs, for both customs and police, in an effort
to broaden the international communications and work in real time. He
emphasized the goals of sharing information about seizures and new trends,
background profiles, best practices, and official consulting experts.
Ms. Silvilie Karfeld, from the German
Police, provided extremely
useful and creative methods to combat the illicit trade across uncontrolled
borders. From the macro of international law enforcement efforts, collaboration
between nations, to micro solutions such as neighborhood watch programs,
physically marking artifacts as ID, registration of artifacts with cut off
dates, pressuring and working with major online sales sites and insurance
industry. Like Clement and Brennan, she advocated enhancing the awareness by
common people, utilizing the media, and encouraging source countries to take
action and monitor the art markets themselves.
Both Mr. Martin Finkelberg, Art Crime
Police, The Netherlands, and Mr. Iain Shearer, formerly with the UK Police, gave inspirational and personal talks
about investigations and seizures, and the importance of networking. Iain outlined
some British successes in seizing illicit Afghan antiquities since 2006. Both
an archeologist and police officer, his talk was a lively history of ancient
sites and their importance, how they are pillaged, and arrive in the end
market. Martin used several case studies to show the success of having
informants, a strong prosecutor, utilizing databases, to solve heritage thefts.
Session 3 focused on recovery and methods
employed.
Professor Duncan Chappell from Australia outlined several recovery cases in the
market country Australia of SEA artifacts and human remains blatantly for sale
by BC Gallery: While some
artifacts were recovered or pressure was brought to bear to remove artifacts
from sale, the Australian laws are toothless and do not support timely
prosecution or seizure. As with many countries, the little slap of the hand
does nothing to stem the trade, Professor Chappell said, and called for greater funding for research,
investigation and cross border collaboration in the Asian Pacific region.
Major Guy Tubiana, Chief of Security
for France’s Museums and Cultural Sites,
provided some sound and simple tips for securing sites and training staff. He
emphasized the sixth sense of police and security experts, and the constantly
changing landscape of theft and trafficking.
Brigadier Kipchu Namgyel, Chief of
Royal Bhutan Police, gave an
excellent talk about the state of cultural heritage protection in Bhutan, the
locations of highest thefts, the incentives and investigation methods employed,
and some creative, if not controversial solutions to the problem of chorten vandalism.
The
conference concluded with strategic working sessions on each of the three
themes. Each group provided a set of recommendations for improving nation’s
capacity building, and better protection of cultural heritage though the
implementation of specific tasks, many adopted from the three days of
presentations.
At
the end of three days, attendees took away the strong message that as a global
community, we must partner, deploy all the tools possible, engage and maintain
strong active relationships across borders, and promote both loss and success
more effectively through the media. It also underlined the greater need for the
development of stronger Asian participation in law enforcement, liaison with
INTERPOL and international customs, and prioritizing the protection of cultural
heritage by Asian governments.
This
conference was a good first step for combatting the illicit trade in Asia. And,
to maintain the momentum, we need to follow up quickly, with additional sessions
in Thailand, Singapore, and China, (at the very least), with a focused attempt
to identify and bring key law enforcement and cultural heritage professionals
to the table. In addition, we could strategically reinforce the message with post
conference trainings of law enforcement, customs, and rural caretakers in
methods of investigation, analysis, better security, filing stolen art, and
monitoring of art sales. Too many major Asian players were missing in Bhutan,
but there is a lot of opportunity ahead.
Published
papers forthcoming in 2013
Julia
M. Brennan is a Conservator and Cultural Heritage Protection Consultant www.caringfortextiles.com.
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