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August 6, 2014

Wednesday, August 06, 2014 - ,, No comments

FORTE CESARE: perso, dimenticato, e forse ritrovato?

Forte Cesare, 2013
di Luca Antonini, diploma di specializzazione Arca e residente ad Amelia, Italia
Le foto sono di C. Sezgin

L’Italia è famosa nel mondo per il suo ricco e diversificato patrimonio culturale e ambientale, in parte ben conservato nei vari musei di cui è ricco il suo territorio, in parte ancora presente nei siti storici o archeologici di origine; ciò nonostante, una sua fetta consistente giace tristemente dimenticato o trascurato.

L’abbondanza di elementi di interesse storico, artistico e architettonico ha sempre sollevato questioni di  conservazione, spesso in relazione alla limitatezza delle risorse disponibili o alle capacità pubbliche di gestione e di governo. Anche a livello locale, la mancanza di chiarezza, risorse e linee guida ha spesso ingigantito i problemi, e le ambiguità hanno facilitato fenomeni criminali quali saccheggi, atti di vandalismo, oppure dinamiche distruttive avviate da eventi naturali, come inondazioni o terremoti.

Forte Cesare è il nome di un complesso di antichi edifici costruiti sulla cima di una collina in posizione strategica, dominante rispetto ad alcune vallate dell’Umbria centrale, nel cuore dell’Italia. Amministrativamente, ricade nel territorio comunale di Montecastrilli, in provincia di Terni: 30 km a ovest di Orvieto, 20 a sud di Todi, 12 a nord di Amelia e 85 a nord di Roma. Forte Cesare è sempre stato in mani private fino all’inizio del ventesimo secolo, quando entrò a far parte del patrimonio del Comune di Amelia. Recentemente, l’Amministrazione Comunale ha venduto Forte Cesare ad un operatore privato, intenzionato a restaurarlo e riutilizzarlo.

Il sito fu probabilmente abitato al tempo dei Romani, ma le fondamenta degli edifici oggi visibili risalgono al VI – VII secolo d.C., quando un forte era stato edificato lungo la via Amerina, un importante tratto del Corridoio Bizantino. Dopo la caduta dell’Impero Romano del 476, varie vicende e occupazioni si susseguirono nell’Italia centrale, fino al 584, quando Ravenna divenne la città di riferimento dell’Esarcato Bizantino, una sorta di provincia dell’Impero Romano d’Oriente la cui capitale era Costantinopoli. Il resto dell’Italia era stato invaso da varie popolazioni provenienti dal nord Europa. Il solo collegamento sicuro tra Roma e Ravenna era proprio questo corridoio che attraversava l’Italia centrale da poco occupata dai Longobardi, tra l’attuale Toscana a ovest e il Ducato di Spoleto a est: partiva dalla via Cassia, pochi chilometri a nord di Roma, e si riuniva alla via Flaminia pochi chilometri a sud di Ravenna. Il Corridoio Bizantino era una sorta di  passaggio garantito, e al suo interno il tratto indicato come Via Amerina toccava, tra le altre, le città di Orte, Amelia, Todi e Perugia. E Forte Cesare, guarnigione fortificata, aveva il compito di proteggere persone e beni in transito in entrambe le direzioni; probabilmente era anche un luogo di ristoro, di riposo per la notte, oltre che stazione di posta.

Successivamente, il complesso entrò a far parte delle Terre Arnolfe, sotto il controllo dell’Arcivescovo di Spoleto tra il X e l’XI secolo, ma nessun documento ufficiale precedente al XVI secolo sembra sopravvissuto fino ai nostri giorni. La prima testimonianza scritta riporta la cessione di Forte Cesare dalla famiglia Stefanucci agli Atti, una potente famiglia Guelfa originaria di Todi e dominante su Viterbo.

Tra il XVI e il XVII secolo, Forte Cesare fu radicalmente trasformato da sito militare a complesso residenziale. Solo la torre rimase nella sua originaria posizione dominante, mentre tutte le altre costruzioni vennero ricomprese in una nuova villa a tre piani.

Fino ad allora, troviamo il toponimo indicato come “Peroccolo”, in particolare in alcune mappe redatte nel Vaticano nel XIX secolo ma attestanti la situazione sei secoli prima. La prima volta che si incontra ufficialmente il lemma “Cesare” per indicare il sito, risale ad una carta datata 1629; il motivo può essere ricondotto al nome del condottiero che probabilmente sfruttò quel forte nelle sue campagne nel corso del XV secolo: Cesare Borgia, il cui casato sosteneva lo Stato Pontificio nello scontro tra famiglie Guelfe e Ghibelline. Questa è la ipotesi più accreditata, rispetto alla denominazione ancora oggi utilizzata.

Alla fine del XVIII secolo, Forte Cesare fu donato dal Vescovo Francesco Atti alla Propaganda Fide, un’organizzazione creata dallo Stato Pontificio per sostenere attività missionarie e altre iniziative correlate, inclusa la gestione di terreni e altri beni immobili. Propaganda Fide lo affittò immediatamente alla famiglia Verchiani, e pochi anni dopo lo vendette alla famiglia Ciatti, esattamente nel 1808. Angelo Ciatti, ultimo discendente di questo casato, donò l’intera proprietà alla sua morte (1922) al Comune di Amelia.

La gestione comunale risultò problematica fin dagli inizi. Col suo testamento, Angelo Ciatti intendeva indirizzarne le rendite al Collegio Convitto Boccarini di Amelia, sostenendo in tal modo – con un atto di carità - il sistema educativo locale. Il collegio, inizialmente gestito dall’ordine Francescano, passò nel 1932 ai Padri Salesiani; era la più importante scuola non solo in Amelia, ma nell’intero circondario di piccoli e grandi villaggi, nel raggio di parecchi chilometri. In accordo alle volontà di Angelo Ciatti, Amelia divenne il più importante centro scolastico dell’intero territorio rurale; altre istituzioni di pari livello erano localizzate solo a Todi, Orvieto e Terni.

Due problemi emersero dal lascito Ciatti: dapprima una forte opposizione legale da parte di alcuni famigliari, che tentarono di invalidare la volontà di trasferire la proprietà al Comune di Amelia. In secondo luogo, mentre Amelia era il Comune proprietario, terreni ed edifici rientravano nel territorio sotto il governo del Comune di Montecastrilli; i ruoli erano differenti, essendo il primo formale proprietario, mentre all’altro competeva l’indirizzo urbanistico e territoriale. In effetti tale dualismo non sembra abbia inizialmente creato serie questioni tra le parti, ma senza dubbio costituì la ragione di alcune incertezze, di mancanza di collaborazione e di alcuni scarichi di responsabilità che si verificarono nei decenni successivi. Alla fine della seconda guerra mondiale, terreni ed edifici vennero affittati a locali famiglie di agricoltori, e successivamente al Molino Cooperativo, che si occupava di alcune fasi di trasformazione dei raccolti di cereali prodotti nel comprensorio. E’ specialmente dopo il terremoto del 30 luglio 1978 che le condizioni di degrado iniziarono a far sentire i propri effetti su terre ed edifici, e probabilmente in questo stesso periodo iniziarono, o si accentuarono, furti e saccheggi. Ben prima della conclusione del ventesimo secolo, il bene si trasformò per Amelia da risorsa a problema.

Nel 1986, il Comune di Amelia chiese dei contributi pubblici per lo sviluppo economico dell’area, attraverso il programma P.I.M. gestito dal governo regionale dell’Umbria. Forte Cesare era formalmente compreso nel patrimonio oggetto di rilancio, in ben tre misure: la “A”, con 20 ettari di terreni assegnati all’allevamento di daini; la “D”, tra 120 e 150 ettari destinati all’allevamento di ovini; e infine la “E”, la proposta di restauro della villa: una scuola professionale per l’agronomia e l’ospitalità rurale, oltre a un ristorante e a una sezione espositiva per la promozione delle produzioni locali, erano compresi nel progetto, il cui valore (per la sola misura E) ammontava a 1,5 miliardi di Lire. Il programma P.I.M. non fu finanziato, e quindi mai realizzato. Si tratta del solo documento programmatico esistente, nel quale una vaga visione di soluzione integrata era stata delineata ed effettivamente tentata, mettendo insieme terra e immobili. In ogni caso, tali proposte contenevano un grande difetto: la negazione di una qualsiasi consapevolezza e valorizzazione culturale, storica e paesaggistica, sia nell’analisi che nelle conseguenti proposte presentate. Conseguentemente, vent’anni dopo la presentazione delle bozze di progetto in ambito P.I.M., questo susseguirsi di approcci muddling through, o “dell’improvvisazione”, porterà alla vendita di Forte Cesare ad un soggetto privato, in condizioni di ulteriore abbandono, danneggiamento e saccheggio.

Quando il passaggio di proprietà fu perfezionato nel 2005, nessun inventario fu annesso al contratto. Con riferimento al testamento olografo di Angelo Ciatti, originariamente Forte Cesare comprendeva:

BENI IMMOBILI – la villa, circondata da altri 4 edifici minori, le cisterne (elemento molto importante, in quanto quei territori sono generalmente considerati ricchi di risorse idriche, con l’eccezione della collina su cui è costruito proprio Forte Cesare), un grande giardino con vigna, delimitato da un muro perimetrale; la Cappella; le fonti di acqua; i terreni agricoli (per pastorizia e coltivazioni); i boschi e la macchia circostante la villa; il frutteto, che comprendeva ulivi, castagni, viti e altre cultivar

ALTRO – Arredi sacri, non meglio specificati; mobili, suppellettili e accessori domestici; dipinti (non specificati nel numero, nella posizione, nella datazione e nell’attribuzione); altri utensili rurali di uso individuale; bestiame e raccolti.

Questa elencazione sembra essere l’unica forma di inventario mai eseguita su Forte Cesare e sul suo patrimonio mobile e immobile. Una circostanza che lo rende particolarmente prezioso, nonostante la sua genericità. Gli attuali proprietari hanno nel frattempo lavorato ad un progetto che mira al recupero strutturale e funzionale degli edifici, oltre che all’utilizzo economico dell’intera area. Tali progetti non sono ancora stati approvati dalle competenti Autorità pubbliche. L’iter autorizzativo prevede il coinvolgimento del Comune di Montecastrilli, della Provincia di Terni, della Regione Umbria e della Soprintendenza Regionale ai Beni Ambientali, Architettonici, Artistici e Storici.

L’idea punta alla creazione di una struttura ricettiva di segmento superiore con annessi servizi sportivi e ricreativi, tra i quali un campo da golf da 18 buche e una sezione termale. Un progetto ambizioso e lungimirante, ma distante dalle radici di quel pezzo di storia chiamato “Forte Cesare”.

La tesi originale, da cui è stato estratto il testo sopra riportato, venne redatta in inglese da Luca Antonini nel novembre del 2012, con lo stesso titolo, a completamento del suo ciclo di studi con Arca. La professoressa Susan Douglas ha dato un significativo contributo alla revisione del testo al fine dell’adattamento, pubblicato il 24 luglio 2014 nel blog di Arca.

Luca Antonini è laureato in economia all’Università di Torino e ha conseguito il diploma di specializzazione in Criminologia dell’Arte con Arca nell’anno 2012/13. Dalla metà degli anni ’90 lavora in progetti di sviluppo locale e sostenibile co-finanziati dall’Unione Europea. Si è inoltre specializzato nella gestione delle Organizzazioni Non Governative.

For the English version, you may read this earlier post: http://art-crime.blogspot.com/2014/07/forte-cesare-lost-forgotten-and.html.

Wednesday, August 06, 2014 - ,,, No comments

Anadolu Agency: "FBI returns smuggled Lydian artifacts to Turkey"

Kasım İleri reported August 5 for the Anadolu Agency that U.S. investigators returned 10 illegally traded artifacts from the Lydian Iron Age civilization (first and third centuries A.D.) back to Turkey:
... The return to the Turkish Embassy of the items - estimated to have originated in the Western Turkish province of Manisa and to date back to the first and third centuries A.D. - came during a joint presentation between officials from the FBI and Turkish mission in Washington on Tuesday. The artefacts included grave stones and sacrifice stelas - stone or wooden slabs on which Lydians would inscribe the sacrifices of animals or possessions that deceased people had made during their lives - used in funeral or commemorative services. The items were smuggled into the U.S. in 2006 and spotted by the Turkish Culture Ministry as they were being illegally traded, and were later seized in an operation involving Turkish security officials, the FBI and Washington D.C. police officers in May.... 

July 30, 2014

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St. Louis Post-Dispatch: "Ancient Egyptian mask likely to stay at St. Louis Art Museum after feds give up legal fight"

Journalist Robert Patrick reported for the St. Louis Post-Dispatch on July 28:
The Department of Justice is giving up its fight to reclaim for Egypt a 3,200-year-old mummy mask that disappeared from that country decades ago and later found its way into the collection of the St. Louis Art Museum. “The Department of Justice will take no further legal action with respect to the mask of Ka-Nefer-Nefer,” U.S. Attorney Richard Callahan said in response to questions from the Post-Dispatch on Monday, the deadline for the Department of Justice if it wished to prolong the court battle. Museum officials couldn’t be reached immediately for comment. According to court filings, both sides are still discussing payment of the museum’s legal fees.
Here's the background as previously covered on the ARCA Blog in "The Legal Case of the Mummy Mask of Lady Ka Nefer-Nefer ...".

July 29, 2014

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ARCA '14 Art Crime Conference: Jordan Arnold on "Hello Dalí: Anatomy of a Modern Day Art Theft Investigation"

Jordan Arnold, formerly with New York County
District Attorney's Office
AMELIA -- At ARCA's Art Crime Conference on June 29, Jordan Arnold, formerly head of the Financial Intelligence Unit with the New York County District Attorney’s Office, spoke about the recent art theft investigation which involved artwork by Salvatore Dalí.
In the middle of the afternoon on June 19, 2012, inside an art gallery near Central Park, a man removed a 1949 Salvador Dali watercolor from the wall, placed it in a shopping bag and disappeared into the streets of Manhattan. The ensuing international investigation—led by NYPD Major Case Squad detectives and a Manhattan DA prosecutor—provides an illustrative case study of modern investigative techniques joined with time-tested law enforcement methods to recover a stolen work of art and convict the thief. 
The lead prosecutor in The People v. Phivos Istavrioglou, Arnold presented a concise narrative of the investigation into the theft by Cartel des Don Juan Tenorio, including: determining initial investigative steps; ruling out an inside job; recovering the piece; identifying the thief (a foreign national); placing him in Manhattan that day; using social media to track him to Europe (right down to his favorite café); seizing damning digital evidence of his guilt; luring him back to New York (through an elaborate undercover sting), and; securing his confession, indictment and conviction. The presentation included an explanation of the tools, techniques and approaches utilized, and the attendant legal considerations.
Jordan Arnold is with the New York office of K2 Intelligence, an investigative and risk consulting firm. Jordan previously served as a prosecutor with the Manhattan District Attorney's Office, where he created and headed its Financial Intelligence Unit. Prior to that, Jordan served on the homicide chart and as lead prosecutor for the NYPD Major Case Squad. Twitter @jordarnold.

July 28, 2014

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Police officer with Greece's antiquities protection department arrested in smuggling ring

by Catherine Sezgin, ARCA Blog Editor

In "Million-euro Marble Statue Seized in Greece", Sotiria Nikolouli reported for the Associated Press on Jul 24, 2014 about the arrest of a police officer from Greece's antiquities protection department "accused of being part of a smuggling ring that was trying to sell an ancient marble statue worth an estimated 1 million euros ($1.35 million)":
Greek Police said on Thursday that the 49-year-old officer was arrested with eight other suspects, following raids and searches at 11 areas in greater Athens and two others in towns in central and northern Greece. The almost intact 1,900-year-old Greco-Roman era statue of a male figure measures 65 centimeters (25.5 inches) from head-to-knee, and is being kept at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens. Police did not say whether the statue had been stolen or illegally excavated but added that a “large number” of less valuable ancient artifacts had also been seized.
In "Greek policeman, 8 others charged with smuggling antiquities" (Tengri News relaying an AFP article) the 49-year-old police officer was arrested along with a 52-year-old Athens antique dealer:
A police statement said the more than 2,000-year-old statue, which measures 65 centimetres (two feet) was the work of renowned fourth-century BC sculptor Praxiteles. Six other suspects in the smuggling ring are still on the run.
This article in a Greek newspaper (http://www.tovima.gr/society/article/?aid=618124) said the arrests were the result of a two-month investigation; five of the six people not in custody have been identified as allegedly taking part in the smuggling ring (one Albanian and 8 Greeks are involved, including the 49-year-old policeman; a 50-year-old middleman; a 52-year-old antiquities dealer with a gallery in the center of Athens, who is represented as the mastermind of the team; and a 70-year-old collector, the former owner of a famous hotel in Syntagma Square in Athens). According to the article, the police office identified is the head of the service that conducted the raids (the Internal Affairs service of the Greek police). The article claims that the statue is by Praxiteles but it may also be just a later Roman copy. The article says that police confiscated many antiquities from the dealer's shop, some from the house of the dealer's daughter, along with two metal detectors, photographic films and photographs depicting antiquities, a computer hard drive and USB stick, and a special machine or digger capable of excavating antiquities.

July 26, 2014

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Lipinski Stradivarius Theft, Milwaukee: Man sentenced to 3 1/2 years in prison for participating in robbery (providing convicted felon with Taser used in attack)

Milwaukee Police arrested three suspects Feb. 3 for the theft on Jan. 27 of the $5 million dollar Lipinski Stradivarius violin recovered on Feb. 5 in a suitcase in an attic. At the end of May, Universal Allah, pleaded guilty to participating in the robbery. On July 24, Allah, described as a 36-year-old barber in Milwaukee and the father of two daughters, was sentenced to 3 1/2 years in prison. Megan Trimble of Milwaukee's Journal Sentinel reported:
In addition to his prison term, Allah will remain under extended supervision for another 3 1/2 years, must avoid contact with the people involved in the attack and pay $4,014.57 in lost wages and ambulance fees to Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra concertmaster Frank Almond....Allah's attorney and even the prosecutor had recommended only a suspended prison term and probation for three years. The crime's purported mastermind, Salah Salahadyn, 42, had been set to enter a guilty plea Thursday, but it was postponed. Allah, who had no prior criminal record, admitted providing Salahadyn, a felon, with the Taser used in the attack.

July 24, 2014

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FORTE CESARE: lost, forgotten and hopefully found?

Forte Cesare, 2013 (Photo by C. Sezgin)
by Luca Antonini, ARCA graduate and resident of Amelia, Italy

Italy is famous all over the world for its rich and varied material heritage, some of it well-preserved as historical sites of interest or kept safe in rich museums located all over the country; other parts of it sadly neglected.

The abundance of historical, artistic and architectonic elements has always posed a problem of conservation, and there are additional issues such as limited resources and governance. At the municipal level, a lack of clear and enforceable guidelines often contributes to the problem, ambiguity leading to art crimes such as theft, vandalism or destruction brought about by natural events such as floods or earthquakes.

Forte Cesare had always been in private hands until the beginning of the 20th century, when it was added to the assets of the Municipality of Amelia. Recently, the Municipality sold Forte Cesare to a private company with plans to restore and use it.

Forte Cesare is the name given to a group of ancient buildings located on the top of a strategic hill dominating all the territories around it in the center of Umbria, the green heart of Italy. Administratively, the site belongs to the Municipality of Montecastrilli, province of Terni, which is 30 km east of Orvieto, 20 km south of Todi, 12 km north of Amelia and 85 km north of Rome.

Forte Cesare, 2013 (Photo by C. Sezgin)
The site was probably inhabited by the Romans, but the basements of the buildings we see today date back to the VI – VII century AD, when a fortified garrison was established along the path of the Via Amerina, the most important road of the Byzantine Corridor.

One century after the end of the Roman Empire, Ravenna became the capital of the Byzanthine Exarchate (a sort of province of Constantinople's Eastern Roman Empire) which included Rome.  The rest of Italy was invaded by different national groups coming from the north of Europe.

The only safe link between Rome and Ravenna was a little strip of land surrounded by territories occupied by the Lombards, with Tuscany to the west and Spoleto and Marche to the east; it was extended from Via Cassia, a few kilometers north of Rome, and reached Via Flaminia, a few kilometers south of Ravenna. Byzantine Corridor was the name given to the strip, and the road was called Via Amerina, touching the towns of Orte, Amelia, Todi and Perugia. At that time Forte Cesare was a fortified site with soldiers protecting people and goods traveling on both directions, but it was also a station to have a rest, change horses, and stop for the night.

Later on this area became part of Terre Arnolfe (lands under the control of the Archbishop of Spoleto, 10th – 11th century), but no official documents survive until the beginning of the 16th century, when it was sold by the Stefanucci family to the Atti family, a strong Guelph family ruling in Viterbo and originally from Todi.

Between the 16th and 17th centuries, Forte Cesare was radically transformed from a military to a residential complex. Only the tower remained in its original dominant position, while all the other fortified parts were reunited in the new three-story villa.

Until that time, we find the toponym indicated as "Peroccolo", particularly on some maps made in the Vatican in the 19th century but stating the situation in the 13th century. The first time we find it named in relation to a “Cesare” in an official document is on a 1629 map; it probably comes from Cesare Borgia, a leader supporting the Roman Church in the wars between the Guelphs and the Ghibellines in the 15th century, who probably used the place during his military campaigns. This is one of the most credible hypotheses about the origin of the name we still use today.

At the end of the eighteenth century, Forte Cesare was donated by the Bishop Franceso Atti to Propaganda Fide, an organization created by the Pope to support the missionaries’ activities and some “related” ventures, including real estate management. Propaganda Fide immediately rented it out to the Verchiani family, and few years later (1808) sold it to Ciatti family. Angelo Ciatti was the last member of this family; at his death, in 1922, he decided to donate the whole estate to the Municipality of Amelia.

From the beginning, the ownership of the estate by the Municipality of Amelia was problematic.

Angelo Ciatti made provisions for the revenues from the estate to establish a permanent scholarship for poor families and to improve the Boccarini Boarding School in Amelia, and to support local education and charity in general. The college was run by the Franciscans and, since 1932, by the Salesian Fathers, and it was the most important school not only for Amelia, but for all the small villages and town in a range of several kilometers. According to Angelo Ciatti’s philanthropic wishes, Amelia was becoming an educational centre for the whole rural district; other towns with relevant school institutions were too far (Todi, Orvieto and Terni).

Two problems emerged following Ciatti’s wishes according his will: first of all, strong opposition from some distant relatives created some legal and administrative challenges after the estate became part of the Municipality of Amelia. Second, two different municipalities were involved in the same property, though in different roles and positions: Amelia was the legal and formal owner, but Forte Cesare is situated in the territory governed by Montecastrilli. Although this dualism seemed to exist without producing any problems in the first decades, it probably created the foundation for later situations of uncertainty, reciprocal discharge of responsibilities and apparent lack of initiative as to the property's care. After World War II, lands and buildings were rented to farmers, and later on to the Molino Cooperativo, a cooperative firm managing farming and milling activities, originally related to the cereal crops produced in the area.

Particularly after the earthquake of July 30, 1978, the condition of the abandoned buildings deteriorated heavily. Both lands and buildings fell into a slow but inexorable decline, due to theft and decay soon after. Before the end of the 20th century, the asset had turned into a burden for the mayor’s budget.

In 1986, the Municipality of Amelia requested a grant to develop the area through an initiative co-funded by the P.I.M. program and by the Regional Government of Umbria. Forte Cesare was included in three proposals: File A, 20 hectares of land assigned to an ungulate stock-breeding (fallow deer); File D, 120/150 hectares of land assigned to sheep farming; and File E, proposes to restore the villa and other close buildings to establish a training-college for students in agriculture, farming and rural hospitality; a restaurant and a show-store for local products were included in the project. Costs (E file only) amounted to 1.5 billion Lire

The P.I.M. projects were not funded, nor realized. This is the only documented project, made by the Municipality of Amelia, where a rough vision of an integrated solution is sketched, putting together “lands and buildings”. However, the proposed solutions contained a significant flaw: the cultural, historical and aesthetic value of the site was completely missing from the analysis, and consequently, twenty years after the P.I.M. draft project, a muddling through approach caused Forte Cesare – its condition further damaged and abandoned - to be sold to a private company.

When the estate was sold in 2005, no inventory was annexed to the contract. According to Angelo Ciatti’s holograph will, the holdings of Forte Cesare included:
REAL ESTATE
1) The main villa, surrounded by 4 minor buildings, cisterns (this is important because the area is rich of water generally speaking, but not the hill where Forte Cesare was built), a big garden and vineyard surrounded by a wall; 2) the Chapel; 3) Water springs; 4) Croplands; 5) Grasslands; 6) Woods and copses; and 7) Orchards, including chestnut, wine, olive and more. 
OTHER ASSETS
a) Holy vessels, not better specified; b) Furniture, furnishing and fittings; c) Paintings (not specified in number, position, artist and age); d) Other “non social” rural tools (that probably means that, at that time, part of the implements for farming were collectively owned or used, whilst others were individually owned; customs from the Middle Ages still ruled the relationship between landlord and farmers); and e) Cattle and crops.
This list seems to be the only inventory ever made on Forte Cesare’s assets and real estates, a fact that makes its importance profound. The new owner has been working since the acquisition to on a project of restoration of the buildings and economic exploitation of the area. The project has not been approved by the Authorities yet. The Municipality of Montecastrilli, the Province of Terni, the Region of Umbria and Soprintendenza Beni Ambientali, Architettonici, Artistici e Storici of Perugia are involved.

The idea is to create a resort, turning the main building into a five star luxury hotel and restaurant; an 18-hole golf course and a spa will be created as part of the recreational facilities, sport and entertainment components of the resort concept. The project is ambitious and far-seeing, but far from the original heritage.

Luca Antonini originally wrote an academic paper under the same title for ARCA's Program in November 2012. Susan Douglas served as editor for adapting this piece  for the ARCA blog.

Luca Antonini graduated from ARCA program in 2012/3 and has a degree in economics from the University of Torino. Since the middle of the 90's, he has been working as project manager in local and sustainable development projects co-funded by the European Union. He specializes in managing non-government organizations (NGOs).

July 20, 2014

Sunday, July 20, 2014 - , No comments

Book Review: ARCA Lecturer Tom Flynn adds chapter to "Risk and Uncertainty in the Art World"

by Martin Terrazas, ARCA Alum '13

 Risk and Uncertainty in the Art World (ISBN: 9781472902924) is a notable attempt at compiling into cohesive curricula research by scholars such as Marina Bianchi, Tom Christopherson, Neil De Marchi, Elroy Dimson, Tom Flynn, Daiva Jurevičieně, Arjo Klamer, Roman Kräussl, Javier Lumbreras, Fleur Maijs, Benjamin Mandel, Clare McAndrew, Jianping Mei, Michael Moses, Laurent Noel, Anders Peterson, Rachel Pownall, Olivia Ralevski, Steve Satchell, Jaketrina Savičenko, Aylin Seçkin, Kyle Sommer, Christophe Spaenjers, Nandini Srivastava, Hans Van Miegroet, Thorstein Veblen, Olav Velthuis, and Luca Zan.

Published by Bloomsbury, it is edited by Anne Dempster (Sotheby’s Institute of Art). Contributors include Tom Christopherson (Sotheby’s Europe), Anders Petterson (ArtTactic), Olav Velthuis (University of Amsterdam), Hans J. Van Miegroet and Neil DeMarchi (Duke University), Marina Bianchi (University of Cassino), Rachel Pownall (University of Tilburg/University of Maastricht), Elroy Dimson (London Business School), Steve Satchell and Nandini Srivastava (Cambridge University), Christophe Spaenjers (HEC Paris), Laurent Noel (Audencia Nantes School of Management), and Arjo Klamer (Erasmus University). 

The book takes a multidisciplinary approach, through alternative investments, art history, behavioral economics, cross-cultural studies, due diligence, macro- and microeconomics, Modern Portfolio Theory, emerging markets, provenance research and many other topics. It is highly recommended to anyone with an interest in the international art market.

Petterson’s discussion of how the Internet has changed the art market was robust. His description of the art market ecosystem and how it is adapting in light of online galleries, artist portals, social media, blogs, online auction/art fairs, online inventory management, price databases, indices, investors, art funds and wealth management, showed that there both a new audience and desire for transparency. In creating a more educated consumer, both traditional and upcoming entities have nothing to lose and everything to gain. Petterson’s article is a treatise against all those that desire not to adapt to provenance standards in the market.

Flynn’s discussion of the role of government and private corporations in art commissioning showed that more needs to be done in regards to authentication of art in the public space. What was striking about the article was that it showed a dissonance between corporate views on art and the industry, itself. A clear conclusion was that, in desiring to imagine itself as an ‘exception’ to business, the art world has only done itself more harm. As both a lecturer with the Association for Research into Crimes against Art and also in hosting a blog titled ArtKnows, Flynn, continues to be frontier of these discussions.

Satchell and Srivastava’s derivations about wealth and utility, adding upon Pownall’s essay, showed that there is still much more to connect between mathematical models, financial markets, and the art world. Integration of Veblen’s Theory of the Leisure Class, the price and wealth effects, Marshallian demand, attempts at indexation – whether through the Financial Times All Shares (FTAS) and the London All Art price index or the Mei-Moses index – the Miller-Modigliani theorem, and the aesthetic dividend, make the reader wonder if the time is here for further data integration with the Standard & Poor’s and Thomson Reuters of the financial world.

The most disappointing was Christopherson’s essay that showed some dissonance against “testosterone-fuelled bond traders” (Risk and Uncertainty 65). The main discussion on legal title, authenticity, issues of attribution comparisons, condition, and valuation was vague. In discussing the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, Artists Resale Rights, and Bribery Act, Christopherson described a desire to return to an imaginary past. The ultimate lesson learned appeared that he merely seems unsatisfied with changing business models in the art market.

July 19, 2014

Saturday, July 19, 2014 - ,,, No comments

In the Red Corner: “Connoisseurship and Art History”, and the Blue Corner: “Scientific Testing and Analysis” – Who’s right in determining Authenticity?

Toby Bull in Amelia (Photo by Paula Carretero)
by Catherine Sezgin, ARCA Blog Editor

Toby Bull, Senior Inspector of Police, in Hong Kong returned to Amelia  in June to present "In the Red Corner: “Connoisseurship and Art History”, and the Blue Corner: “Scientific Testing and Analysis” – Who’s right in determining Authenticity?" at the Sixth Annual Interdisciplinary Art Crime Conference.

“I was present at a public talk about  month ago in Hong Kong by one of the chairman from one of the big three auction houses and he actually used the ‘f- word’ in public,” Inspector Bull said. “And the ‘f-word’ in this case stands for fakes which shows that this hitherto unspoken word is now at least getting some recognition from the art trade in Hong Kong.”

Toby Bull discussed how modern scientific authentication methods have gradually helping shift the onus of detecting fakes pieces from the art historian and connoisseur to the laboratory scientist. Bull looked at the authorship of art – encompassing the thorny issue of attribution and authenticity, looking at the range of processes and methodologies needed to authenticate art in paintings, ceramics and metals. Bull differentiated scientific examination (where it can deliver information that cannot be determined otherwise, revealing many unexpected cases of forgery) from connoisseurship (the ability to make reasoned assessments about artistic authorship, distinguishing between originals and copies and thus identifying forgeries). "Whilst appearing to be at the far and opposing ends of the authentication spectrum, the subjective connoisseurship research methods of the art historian and the forensic testing procedures of the scientist are not only complimentary but also very vital facets for the art authenticator to have in his arsenal in the war against fakes and forgeries," Bull said.

Biography
Toby J.A. Bull was born in England and educated at the famous Rugby School. He holds three academic degrees, including a BA (Hons) in ‘Fine Arts Valuation’ and a MSc in ‘Risk, Crisis & Disaster Management’. He continued his studies in the arts by becoming a qualified art authenticator, studying at the Centre for Cultural Material Conservation and graduating from the University of Melbourne, Australia. His thesis was on the levels of fakes and forgeries of Chinese ceramics in Hong Kong and the problems of smuggled illicit antiquities emanating out of China and has subsequently had his work on this subject published. Since 1993, he has worked for the Hong Kong Police Force. He has lectured extensively on topics surrounding ‘Art Crime’ to the likes of Sotheby’s Institute of Art and The World Congress of Forensics, as well as to ARCA’s ‘Art Crime Conference’ in Amelia, 2013. Seeing the disparity between public and private involvement in the field of art crime and its associated spin-offs, Toby founded TrackArt in 2011– Hong Kong’s first Art Risk Consultancy.

July 18, 2014

Friday, July 18, 2014 - ,,,, 1 comment

ARCA '14 Art Crime Conference: James Moore on "The Fall of the House of Knoedler: Fakes, Deception and Naiveté"

James C. Moore presenting at ARCA conference in Amelia
(Photo by Paula Carretero)
by Catherine Schofield Sezgin,
 ARCA Blog Editor-in-Chief

Retired trial lawyer James C. Moore presented "The Fall of the House of Knoedler: Fakes, Deception and Naiveté" in the first presentation of ARCA's Sixth Annual Interdisciplinary Art Crime Conference in Amelia on June 28.

Moore discussed how the Manhattan gallery, which had sold art since 1856 only to fall upon hard times in the middle of the 20th century, had drifted away from selling Old Masters and Cubist art to modern works where the competition was intense to gain access to the art.

Facing bankruptcy by the end of the 1960s, the gallery was sold to Armand Hammer in 1971 for $2.5 million. Under Hammer's leadership, Ann Freedman was hired a salesperson, but when ownership passed to Armand’s grandson Michael, he appointed Freedman director of the gallery with a focus on contemporary and abstract artists such as Rothko, de kooning, Diebenkorn, Motherwell, and Pollack.

In the early 1990s, Glafira Rosales appeared at the art gallery and showed Freedman an unknown Rothko sketch she claimed had been owned by a “Mr. X”, a closeted gay Filipino or Swiss man who had begun collecting abstract expressionist works which he had stored in Mexico – or Switzerland -- with the assistance of a New York art dealer, David Herbert. Rosales told Freeman that Mr. X had died and that his son -- identified only as "Mr. X, Jr." -- had decided to liquidate his father’s collection. And to do so, the paintings would be consigned, one at a time, to the Knoedler Gallery. Beginning in 1994, Rosales bought paintings every 3-6 months for a total of 40 works and agreed to sell them to the Knoedler Gallery for a fixed amount. Freeman would offer paintings for sale at higher prices – hanging the works in other shows by the artists, preparing write-ups, claiming that her experts had viewed the works although they had not authenticated them. In total, the Knoedler Gallery received $64 million for 40 paintings of which Rosales received $20 million.

In early 2000s, a Knoedler Gallery client bought a work ‘by Jackson Pollack’ for $2 million but after the painting failed authentication, the painting was returned and the purchase price refunded. Other similar events followed -- Sotheby’s would not sell a ‘Pollack’ in 2011, and when the owner asked for a $17 million refund, the gallery closed its doors.

The Knoedler Gallery has been named in eight lawsuits, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation has begun an investigation of Ann Freedman, Glafira Rosales, and Rosales’ long-time companion Jose Carlos Bergantiños Diaz, who worked in a restaurant in New York City and sold art in the Chelsea district, along with Diaz's brother. According to Rosales, all of the paintings she sold to the Knoedler were fakes and were allegedly created by a 75-year-old artist, Pei-shen Qian, who was asked to create art in the style of abstract expressionist artists for people who could not afford originals. 

Before Rosales was arrested, Diaz went back to Spain and Qian went to China. Rosales pled guilty for collecting money and paying no income taxes (she sent the money to Spain). Rosales now faces sentencing up to 20 years. She is cooperating with federal authorities possibly in the hope of receiving a lesser sentence. Spain has been asked to send Diaz back to the U.S. to face charges.

Moore posed the question of accountability: 
Was Freedman actively or passively involved in the forgery scheme? No one but the buyers suing her has accused her of a crime. In fact, she sued a dealer for defamation who accused her of lack of care. Negligence (lack of care in verifying a paintings provenance) claims against dealers and galleries cannot be maintained when the parties have a contract relationship. The wording of the agreement between the parties, therefore, will be critical to the success or failure of the buyer's claim.

Moore also discussed the relative responsibilities of the gallery, the dealer, the expert authenticators and the buyer in fake painting claims.  Ultimately, Moore noted that as of this time, Rosales is free on bail, Freedman is running another gallery and is named as a defendant in eight lawsuits, the Diaz brothers are hoping not to leave Spain, and Qian is conducting art shows in Beijing.
  

Moore, an accomplished trial lawyer and a Fellow of the American College of Trial Lawyers, is also a student of art history. http://www.jamesconklinmoore.com/

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