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Showing posts with label Temple of Awwam. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Temple of Awwam. Show all posts

March 12, 2026

Never underestimate the power of reading new books to determine the outcomes of antiquities trafficking mysteries


To bring attention to looting and plunder, the US nonprofit The Antiquities Coalition released a  PDF "Top Ten Most Wanted" series highlighting a group of some "of the most significant looted, stolen, and missing artifacts from around the world." Their initiative aimed to spotlight the global crisis of cultural racketeering and to enlist the public’s help in locating and recovering objects that represent irreplaceable elements of humanity’s shared heritage.


One of the artefacts highlighted by the AC was this 3rd century CE alabaster statue base, found during an excavation conducted by an archaeological mission and stolen from the Temple of Awwam, known locally as al-Mahram Bilqîs (Temple of Bilqls), on the outskirts of the ancient city of Ma'rib in Yemen.  According to legend, Marib was the capital of the Sabaean kingdom, ruled by the biblical Queen of Sheba.

Fortunately for us, at some point after its discovery, the statue base it was measured and photographed by scholars and it was this photo which was used for the "Wanted" poster, emphasising the cultural losses to Yemen which have occurred before and turning its present conflict and stating the object's last known location was "at auction in Paris France".  

I then began scrolling through pages and pages of South Arabian artefacts sold in the French capital by problematic individuals working the Paris market, during and after that date range listed on the "Wanted" poster.  With time, I was able to find a matching photo of the alabaster base, as Lot 297 in the 1 December 2011 auction catalogue of Pierre Bergé & Associés, where the auction house when to great lengths to transcribe the twenty-six lines of the artefact's Sabaean inscription,  a dedicatory text giving thanks and offering a bronze statue to the god Almaqah for the success of a punitive expedition against Abyssinian incursions during the reign of Lahay'athat Yarkham, King of Saba and Dhû Raydân, dated to around 230 to 240 CE. Unfortunately, the auction catalogue offered zero in the way of confirmable provenance information. 

Knowing the sale had long past, I was left me with little more than what I knew from the original "Wanted" poster, but at least I had the Paris sales point. At a semi-dead end, I filed the information on the object away among my many where-has-it-gone-now files, hoping that one day a subsequent consignment might surface before the piece could be sold again.

Then, while reading a newly released book published in January by French art journalist Vincent Noce, titled  L'or pillé des pharaons, I encountered an intriguing passage. Noce describes a network of indicted and unindicted individuals involved in circulating illicit antiquities through France and beyond. In the course of that discussion, he referenced a statue base that matched the object from the Antiquities Coalition’s poster.


Le plus notable est un socle de statue, catalogué comme provenant d’une « collection particulière », adjugé 44 000 € le 1er décembre 2011 à une galerie parisienne portant le nom de la déesse mère Cybèle. Comportant des inscriptions du royaume légendaire de Saba, il aurait été volé en 2005 dans les découvertes d’un chantier de fouilles mené par une mission américaine au temple d’Awam, dans la province yéménite de Marib. Apprenant que cet ouvrage était objet de l’enquête, le galeriste, Jean-Pierre Montesino, l’a remis à la police en remboursant son client. Il n’a jamais pu se faire dédommager par la maison Pierre Bergé, plus de dix ans étant passés depuis l’adjudication. Quand il voulut se retourner contre le vendeur, il s’aperçut que le nom figurant au bordereau de vente était en fait celui du transporteur.

Ce galeriste n’avait décidément pas de chance avec la société de ventes PBA...

According to Noce, this missing South Arabian artefact from Yemen had been purchased for €44,000 by the Parisian Galerie Cybèle.  Upon learning that the piece was the subject of a criminal investigation, the gallery's owner, Jean-Pierre Montesino, handed the piece over to the French police and reimbursed his client.  

Montesino, however, was unable to recover his losses.  More than ten years had passed since the original auction, placing the transaction beyond the period in which he could seek compensation from Pierre Bergé & Associés.  When he attempted to pursue the seller listed on the sales documentation, he discovered that the name recorded on the invoice belonged not to the consignor but to the transport company that had handled the shipment.

It is a detail that speaks volumes.  The statue base had been plucked from its archaeological find spot in Yemen, a site where in 2007 a suicide bomber drove into a convoy of Spanish tourists killing seven Spaniards and two Yemenis less than two weeks after the United States issued a terrorism warning about the area.  It was then smuggled out of Yemen making its first public appearance at the Paris auction house, through the hands of at least one anonymous intermediary whose identity was deliberately obscured, and into the collection of a dealer assumably unaware of the object's origins and no legal recourse once he did. 

Montesino lost his money and at least publicly, the original vendor has never identified.  And this fragment of Yemen's ancient civilisation, wrenched from its archaeological context more than a decade ago, now sits in a French police evidence room, waiting for a repatriation that cannot undo the knowledge lost the moment a thief first touched the piece in Awwam.  

In December 2025, the General Authority for Antiquities and Museums condemned the systematic destruction of the Bilqis Temple (Awam Temple) in Marib Governorate by the public and antiquities thieves.   One of many pieces stolen from that location, this episode highlights what is being lost forever due to the civil war and the subsequent humanitarian crisis in the region.  It also serves as a reminder that the global antiquities trade remains far from clean, and continues to provide pathways through which vulnerable conflict antiquities can be removed, circulated, and legitimized long after the damage has been done.

By: Lynda Albertson